How to spot the signs and symptoms of cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer diagnosed in women globally. According to Cancer Research UK there are more than 3,000 cases of cervical cancer diagnosed each year in the UK alone.[1]

However, research shows that 99.8% of cervical cancer cases in the UK are preventable.[2]

So, what can someone do to ensure they have the best chance of preventing a diagnosis? And what are some of the signs and symptoms to watch out for?

This Cervical Cancer Awareness Month, wellbeing writer Jennifer Wallis, explores everything you need to know.

The who, what, why

Cervical cancer can affect anyone with a cervix with almost all cases being caused by the common human papillomavirus (HPV). “Most people will contract HPV at some point in their lives,” says Dr Rosie Godeseth, Vitality’s Medical Director.

“It can remain in the body for many years at low or undetectable levels”

Dr Rosie Godeseth, Medical Director, Vitality

“The virus sometimes causes the cells of the cervix to become abnormal, which occasionally can develop into cancer. Generally, our bodies can get rid of these abnormal cells and the cervix will return to normal, and in most cases, our immune systems can get rid of the HPV virus.”

Knowing the signs

Cervical cancer may not show any symptoms in the early stages, which highlights the importance of attending regular screenings. However, there are some common (and not so common) signs to keep an eye out for.

Godeseth tells us that one of the more common signs of cervical cancer is unusual vaginal bleeding, which can occur after sex, between periods, or after menopause. Other common symptoms include: pain in the pelvis, pain during sex, foul-smelling vaginal discharge.

Kirsten Randerson, above, was diagnosed with cervical cancer after a routine screening

Some of the lesser common symptoms include pelvic pain that isn’t related to your menstrual cycle, feeling bloated or full without a clear reason.

There are other things to watch out for too such as pain that radiates to the legs or back, or groin pain, trouble urinating or having bowel movements, as well as fatigue and unexplained weight loss.

Godeseth points out that it’s important to note that these symptoms can be caused by other conditions, so make sure you consult a healthcare professional if you’re experiencing anything that feels unusual.

Testing, testing

One of the main ways we can prevent cervical cancer is through regular screenings. Here in the UK, the NHS invites women and people with a cervix between the ages of 25-64 for regular screenings.

It’s a quick, simple procedure that’s relatively pain-free, yet nearly a third, around 4.6 million, don’t take up the invite to attend this potentially life-saving appointment.[3]

Vitality member, Kirsten Randerson, was diagnosed with cervical cancer following a routine screening. Taking up the invitation for that test rather than delaying it saved her life.

“If I hadn’t gone for my smear test, I would have been in a much worse scenario if I’d gone a year [or even] six months later.”

One of the main reasons for people not attending a screening is fear of discomfort and embarrassment.[4]

“I know it’s not the most dignified thing in the world, but if you can catch it early, you could have a similar experience to me: going back to regular exercise and getting back to work as soon as possible,” says Randerson. “Life is very short and you can prevent a diagnosis through routine tests.”

Smear test: What you need to know | Magazine | Vitality

Lifestyle changes

There are certain factors that increase the risk of cervical cancer. Smoking can increase the chance of a diagnosis, as well as not maintaining a healthy weight.

However, “the main risk factor is not a lifestyle factor but the HPV infection,” Vitality wellbeing expert and registered nutritionist, James Vickers confirms.

Because of this, it’s important to make sure our bodies are equipped to fight infection.

“Consuming vitamins and minerals in our diet can support our immune system to fight off infection.

Eating a variety of fruits and vegetables and a balanced diet including protein, dairy and fats will support our bodies to carry out immune functions effectively,” Vickers explains.

“Eating a balanced diet of whole foods and minimally processed foods along with consuming adequate fibre in your diet can help maintain a healthy weight too.”

Godeseth adds: “Increasing your exercise, such as through regular walking, can boost your physical fitness and mental wellbeing.”

These positive lifestyle changes can support your treatment and recovery process if you are faced with a diagnosis.

The earlier the better

An early diagnosis means a better chance of survival and recovery, as Randerson’s story depicts.

Treatment for cervical cancer depends on the stage but will usually involve surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Your general health also plays a part in the type of treatment your oncologist will recommend.

“It’s helpful to write down any questions, thoughts and concerns to bring to your consultations as it may be difficult to remember everything,” suggests Godeseth.

She also recommends using trusted websites such as Cancer Research UK and Macmillan when researching your diagnosis and treatment.

“It’s important to seek support from family and friends during this difficult time for your emotional wellbeing. Research shows that emotional support from loved ones can make a significant difference in your journey.”

Take control

The thought of cervical cancer can be a scary one, but it’s important to remember that it can be treated and recovery is possible.

It’s also highly preventable and there are a number of things you can do to avoid a diagnosis:

• Get the HPV vaccine, which protects against the types of HPV that most commonly cause cervical cancer. It’s most effective when given before becoming sexually active, but it can still provide benefits later in life.
• Be sure to attend regular screenings as they can detect precancerous changes in the cervix early, allowing for timely treatment before cancer develops.
• Practice safe sex to reduce the risk of HPV infection. Don’t smoke and maintain a healthy immune system as this can help fight off HPV infections.

“Prevention is the most important thing in the world, and it takes such little of your time,” concludes Randerson. “But the outcome can save your life”.

[1] Cervical cancer | NHS inform

[2] Cervical cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

[3] 4.6 million eligible patients are not up to date with cervical screening | Appt Health

[4] Why People Do Not Attend Health Screenings: Factors That Influence Willingness to Participate in Health Screenings for Chronic Diseases - PMC

Related: Why are so many young people being diagnosed with cancer?